Spirit of enlightenment thinkers study

Uncategorized

Instructions
We’re going to get into the spirit of enlightenment thinkers with this first project. While youll want to have fun with this project, do get into character as accurately as possible to show you understand the mindset of not only the American Enlightenment but also of the person you choose. Are you curious yet what youll be doing? Well, here we go!

Youll first select two elements:

One of the following people: Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, or Ben Franklin
A current event that is no older than 5 years (from today)
Once youve selected those two elements, your goal is to imagine how that person would have responded to the event. Is this something that would appeal to their sensibilities, maybe something they could get behind in support, or is it something that would appall them, maybe something they would fight against?

Youll create a visual and/or audio project wherein you present your chosen persons reaction to the event. Capturing the ideologies behind the event, the chosen persons philosophies and mindset, and the appropriate reaction is paramount to a good grade for the project, so word count isnt too terribly important. You might aim for about 500 words, give or take, but thatll really depend on what you choose to do for the project. Be creative.

Whatever you choose to do should be fun and lively. Ill include some technology options for you to explore, but you can work beyond the list, if youd like. Some examples of past projects have included a podcast, an interview with the person, a blog written by the person, a social media page created by the person, a slideshow analyzing the persons reaction, a mock text conversation between that person and someone else, original poetry and short fiction characterizing the persons reaction or even written from the pov of the person, comic strips, and so much more.

Be creative and have fun. Dont overwhelm yourself, though. If you want to try new technology, go for it, or just stick with what you know so your focus is on the person and ideology rather than fighting/learning technology. You might include photos, text, music, voiceover, narration, and really just about anything thatll make this come together.

There should be a combination of visuals and writing (think about 500 words, but know that I wont be counting words). The writing can be in the multimedia project (like displayed on slides), in addition to visuals (like a voice recording), separate (such as in the speaker’s notes of a presentation or a Word document submitted to accompany the presentation), a combo of all, or just however you want to do it as long as there is some sort of combination of visual and writing. This cannot be all visual or all writing (this isnt an essay!).

All aspects of the profile should be your own impression and words, but the visuals can come from anywhere, so have fun with that Google Image search.

Presentation ideas:

Powtoon
Prezi
Biteable
Moovely
Magisto & VITA
Animoto
Audio Voiceover
Instagram
PowerPoint
Screencast (Jing)
Google Sites
Canva
Feeling stuck? Here’s some inspiration:

More app options: https://digitalwritingworkshop.wikispaces.com/websites_and_apps
20 Great Presentation Apps: https://zapier.com/blog/best-powerpoint-alternatives/
What’s a Multimodal Text: https://youtu.be/se3G8LV4ogg
How to make a Multimodal Presentation: https://youtu.be/DEZa8Ml3mEg
How to create a Multimodal Composition: https://youtu.be/F1ghx1i3EVE
Expectations

Your project should in some way incorporate the following:

Cultural and historical influences that shape the persons ideologies and reactions
Accurate representation of current event (including any scene setting, history, or additional information to acquaint audience with the event)
The persons reaction to current event based on close analysis of the person
Note that all writing in the project should be original; the projects will be run through Turnitin upon submission, and all distinctive matching information caught by Turnitin must be formatted as a quotation. DO NOT copy-paste material without immediately marking it as a quotation and citing it. Any multimedia (art, music) inserted or linked in the presentation should also include full bibliographic information.

All projects should have

A title slide with your name, the chosen persons name, and the event.
MLA, APA, or Chicago citations/works cited page (for the images, music, etc, as no research is required).
The project’s text should be approximately 500 words (or 250? Or 700? Just complete the task! Dont worry about word count.)

Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs)
What roles can the nurses play in ensuring the prevention of CLABSI infection within the intensive care unit?
Source 1
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Chi, X., Guo, J., Niu, X., He, R., Wu, L., & Xu, H. (2020). Prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections: a survey of ICU nurses’ knowledge and practice in China.Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control,9(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00833-3
Level of Evidence Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies (Level I)
What is the study design & what are the variables? A quantitative study using a Cross-sectional descriptive survey
Independent variable- ICU Nurses’ knowledge and practice
Dependent variable Prevention of CLABSI
What is the sampling method? (Include a description of the sample) Stratified Sampling technique
The study population included 2607 participants, while the study sample was 835 respondents who managed to complete the questionnaires. The response rate was 32.03%. Strata included nurses from six hospitals containing comprehensive ICUs, graduate students from Guangdong Medical University, and a WeChat group of graduate students from the Nursing College of Guangdong Medical University. The research used various demographic factors to determine the subject’s characteristics. These include age, whose mean was 26.54 years (18-65 years). Both males 40. 36% (337) and female 59.64% (498) respondents were included. Other factors used to include the respondents include their length of experience working in ICU as nurses, highest education levels, nursing level, and experiences with CLABSI. The study took place in Guangdong Province, China, among 104 hospitals.
What is the purpose? The study evaluates Chinese ICU nurses’ knowledge and evidence-based practice guidelines for preventing CLABSI as depicted by the CDC in the US and the UK’s Department of Health.
What is the research question? Does improving nurses knowledge and practice prevent the spread of CLABSI in the ICU?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? Online Questionnaires

Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The researchers received 835 complete questionnaires from ICU nurses from 104 hospitals. 777 of the responses were from Guangdong Province. Further, the 11 questions used have a mean score of 4.02 with information relating to evidence-based guidelines in CLABSI prevention. Individual total participation scores were efficiently associated with education levels, sex, length of time or experience as an ICU nurse, professional title, hospital grade, and CLABSI incidences at the respondent’s ICU.43% of the ICU nurses reported always utilizing maximum barrier precautions. 14% reported having never used chlorhexidine gluconate on insertion sites as antisepsis. Also, 40% of the nurses reported removing catheters promptly when not in use, and 33% indicated having changed catheters frequently even though there were no CLABSI suspicions. The researchers concluded that ICU nurses in Guangdong Province, China had no knowledge and practice using evidence-based CLABSI prevention guidelines
What are the limitations of the study? Results attained from respondents in Guangdong Province hospitals do not reflect other ICU nurses’ knowledge and practice in various parts of China.
There is a possibility of bias following the 32.03% response rate from all questionnaires distributed (835 out of 2607).
What are the implications for practice/this project? ICU nurses with higher experience levels have higher scores on how to prevent CLABSI. Healthcare administrators should adopt strategies and policies to foster the prevention of CLABSIs through increased training for ICU nurses.
Source 2
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Yazici, G., & Bulut, H. (2018). Efficacy of a care bundle to prevent multiple infections in the intensive care unit: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design study.Applied Nursing Research,39, 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.10.009
Level of Evidence Level III- quasi-experimental study
What is the study design & what are the variables? Pretest – posttest design study(Quantitative approach)
Independent variable care bundle
Dependent variable ICU Multiple infections prevention
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) Systematic sampling
The sample size included 120 patients. They were chosen based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They must have been above 18 years of age, received invasive mechanical ventilation therapy, or had a central venous catheter or urinary catheter.
What is the purpose? The study evaluated the care bundle efficacy to prevent the three most common ICU-acquired infections. This is so as healthcare-associated infections like CLABSI often extend hospitalization time, increase morbidity-mortality rates, and increase treatment costs.
What is the research question? Does the efficacy of a care bundle prevent the spread of CLABSI in the intensive care unit?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? Tests Pre tests and Post tests
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) Various hospital-acquired infections were tested, including pneumonia, catheter-associated UTIs, and CLABSIs. Ventilator-associated pneumonia infection rates were conducted in three different periods per 1000 catheters. Each depicted a rate of 23.4 (Jan-March), 12.6 (April-June), and 11.5 (July-Sep). A significant decrease was observed between Jan-March and April-June (2=6.934,p=0.031).
CLABSI rates were 8.9, 4.2, and 9.9 for the specific periods identified above for every 1000 catheters. There was no significant difference (p>0.05).
The catheter-associated UTI rates were higher during JulySeptember (6.7/1000 catheter days) compared to JanuaryMarch (5.7/1000 catheter-days) and AprilJune (10.4/1000 catheter-days), but the differences were not significant (p>0.05).
The researchers concluded that increased compatibility of care bundles led to decreased infection rates based on EBP guidelines.
What are the limitations of the study? The results cannot be generalized to other populations since there was a small sample size used>
What are the implications for practice/this project? Besides, developing an evidence-based CLABSI prevention guideline will enhance better health outcomes.
Source 3
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Cooper, M. (2019).Improving Nurses’ Knowledge of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection(Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7469&context=dissertations
Level of Evidence Level I and VI – Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies and Experts’ opinions on CLABSI
What is the study design & what are the variables? A quantitative descriptive study using the pretest-posttest control group
Design and Literature’s systematic review
Independent Variables Nurses’ education on CLASBI prevention aspects
Dependent Variables Patients’ health outcomes
What is the sampling method? (Include a description of the sample) Stratified sampling technique
The researcher specified the number of participants, including 32 RNs from the neurology unity and 40 RNs of the Resource Team (float pool). All the 32 RNs in the neurology unit were invited to participate in the study to acquire knowledge on central lines’ care and maintenance. This totals to 72 study participants, whereby only 23 participated. The neurology unit had 15 participants (65%), and the Resource team had 8 participants (35%).
What is the purpose? The project aimed to address the education gap regarding CLABSI among nurses. Such explains that it is the nurses’ role to acquire more education on ICU care concerning CLABSI as such increases their demonstration-based competencies during practice. This increases patient outcomes and reduction of CLABSI rates.
What is the research question? Does Improving Nurses’ Knowledge of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection prevention aspects improve the spread of CLABSI in the intensive care unit?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? The researcher conducted doctoral research, which used primary and secondary data collection. These include published research articles, administration of a pre-and post-test, and use of a central line dressing change skills rubric. Published research was primarily conducted from recent peer-reviewed journals from various Walden library websites such as Medline, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, CINAHL, and Medline.
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The pretest-posttest and systematic review of published articles indicated nurses’ efficacy in ensuring they acquire more knowledge on CLABSI reduction rates in healthcare contexts. The tests conducted were statistically significant in evaluating the nursing knowledge with a P value of .0001 and a 2-tailed t-test significant at a .05 level. The pretest score was 72.1% (4.6), while the posttest was 94.1% (8.4). Most RNs included in the study had an associate degree (87%), while the rest had a bachelor’s degree (13%).
17% of the RNs have less than 1 year of experience, 17% have 1 to 5 years of experience, 17% have 5 to 10 years of experience, and 48% have more than 10 years of experience. 65% of the neurology unity RNs and 35% of the Resource team offered information on hours spent assessing and monitoring IV sites, administering IV medications, and lab data interpretation. The posttest scores were higher than the pretest scores by 22%. This shows the project questions were answered effectively, the outcome supports the need for nurse education, and demonstration-based competency improves CLABSI nursing knowledge.
What are the limitations of the study? The small sample size used was small.
Lack of diversity among the study participants.
What are the implications for practice/this project? Nursing education on CLABSI prevention has the potential to improve patients’ outcomes and save more lives. Improved nursing awareness will prevent most CLABSI mortality and morbidity rates through the provision of proper care and maintenance. CLABSI is the most expensive hospital-acquired infection, and it is the nurses’ role to prevent it through additional education prospects.
The research facilitates the improved acquisition of positive social change by improving patients’ nursing knowledge and care.
Source 4
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Alotibi, A. M. (2021). The Impact of Quality Improvements Initiatives on Reducing the Prevalence of : An Integrative Review.Saudi Journal of Nursing Health Care,4(8), 229-235. http://www.hsj.gr/
Level of Evidence Level V- Systematic review of Qualitative Studies
What is the study design & what are the variables? Systematic analysis using Whittemore and Knauf’s integrative approach
Independent variable Quality improvement initiatives
Dependent variable – Central Line-Associated Infection prevalence
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) The integrative approach for having studies using different research designs uses its structure with five stages (problem recognition, literature search, data assessment, data interpretation, and presentation).
The study originally had 37 articles for review, but only 9 fit the study inclusion criterion where seven articles were quality improvement while two were mixed-method.
What is the purpose? The researcher was focused on assessing quality improvement initiatives’ effects on the reduction of CLABSI rates, especially in ICU. This entails the reduction of bloodstream infections associated with the use of central venous catheters (CVCs)
What is the research question? Do hospital quality Improvements Initiatives on Reducing the Prevalence of Central Line-Associated infections decrease the spread of CLABSI in the ICU?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? Integrative review using Whittemore and Knafl’s method in systematic and organization of study searches. A search strategy was employed to identify various articles using the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The study’s findings were classified into two themes: central line bundle care and CLABSI insertion and maintenance education. Among the main CLABSI prevention methods include the Catheter group useful in establishing standardized CVC insertions, withdrawals, and maintenances. Healthcare professionals have access to essential guidelines on the cautious application of the CVCs while depicting the main complications of catheterization procedures. Additional caution in preventing CLABSI is effective handwashing practice as this minimizes infections in general, thus . Besides, nurses receiving CLABSI prevention training will enhance their accountability, respect, communication, and empowerment to improve health outcomes.
What are the limitations of the study? A small sample size where the researcher utilized only nine peer-reviewed articles. The outcome cannot be generalized to the various population since there are limited studies for review and comparison.
What are the implications for practice/this project? Persistent teamwork in ICU care will persuade practitioners to use scientific evidence in alleviating CLABSI while providing consistent feedback on patients’ wellbeing. Secondly, involving all stakeholders will lead to collaborative working and buy-ins. Lastly, nurse education and training on CLABSI prevention will enhance how they utilize sterile techniques and safety measures.

Source 5
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Foka, M., Nicolaou, E., Kyprianou, T., Palazis, L., Kyranou, M., Papathanassoglou, E., & Lambrinou, E. (2021). Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Through Educational Interventions in Adult Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review.Cureus,13(8). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1729
Level of Evidence Level I Systematic review of Quantitative Studies
What is the study design & what are the variables? Quantitative descriptive design
Independent variable Educational Intervention
Dependent variable Prevention of CLABSI in Adult patients within the ICU
What is the sampling method? (Include a description of the sample) A systematic literature search using the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Original articles chosen for the discussion were 339 from different databases, including Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. However, some studies were duplicates, some not in the English language, and others were irrelevant. The study sample used was 27 studies that met the inclusion criteria.
What is the purpose? The study was focused on investigating the effectiveness of various educational methods on CLABSI rates prevention among adults within the ICUs.
What is the research question? Will educating nurses help prevent the spread of CLABSI in Adult patients within the ICU?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? A systematic review of various study articles
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) All the studies used for this discussion were educational interventions for central lines insertion and maintenance among adults within the ICU settings. They contained CLABSI incidences and prevention documentation with expressions per 1000 catheter days. The studies were conducted in different countries, including the US, Brazil, Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Canada. All the studies included adult ICU settings, including surgical, trauma, medical, and general ICUs. They also had different study populations involving healthcare practitioners and patients. the researchers concluded that educational interventions are critical in helping nurses attain more knowledge and skills in facilitating CLABSI prevention among adults in ICUs.
What are the limitations of the study? English language-only studies were included in this review by researchers. Such led to limited information sources from other languages.
Secondly, the studies were heterogeneous, making it difficult to determine the most effective educational intervention for CLABSI rates.
Thirdly, the studies only related to ICU settings, thus making it hard to generalize the findings to other care contexts.
What are the implications for practice/this project? There is an increased need for regular follow-ups on patients and the implementation of multifaceted cooperative approaches to help maintain reduced CLABSI rates post-interventions.

Source 6
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Aloush, S. M., & Alsaraireh, F. A. (2018). Nurses’ compliance with central line-associated bloodstream infection prevention guidelines.Saudi nursing journal,39(3), 273279. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2018.3.21497
Level of Evidence Level I- Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies
What is the study design & what are the variables? Descriptive cross-sectional design
Independent variable- Years of experience, previous education with CLABSI, nurse-patient ratio, and ICU bed capacity
Dependent variable CLABSI prevention
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) The sampling method used consists of the G*Power software in calculating the sample size.
The previously estimated sample size was 129. The study population included 200 nurses who were approached, but 171 agreed to participate. This depicts a response rate of 88% based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those who could not participate were of different genders, age groups, and their academic qualifications did not match the inclusion criteria. The study took place in various ICUs specialized as adult medical-surgical units in 15 hospitals within five different cities in Jordan, including Amman, Zarqa, Mafraq, Karak, and Irbid. The participating hospitals included 10 governments. Four being private, and 1 being an educational hospital. The data was collected over five months (March-July, 2017).
What is the purpose? The researchers were focused on assessing the nurses’ compliance with the CLABSI prevention guidelines relating to central line maintenance and compliance predictors. These are evidence-based guidelines provided by professional organizations, including the CDC and the American Society of Anesthesiologists, to prevent CLABSI. Amongst the main topics of these guidelines include hand hygiene, dressing, antiseptic solution usage, and type of catheters.
What is the research question? Will nurses years of experience, previous education with CLABSI, nurse-patient ratio, and ICU bed capacity prevent the spread of CLABSI within the intensive care unit?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? The researchers used
Observational non-active approach
A systematic review of various databases to support the CLABSI prevention guidelines.
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The participants were on averagely aged 32.5 years, whereas men were aged 32.7 and females were aged 1.5 years. 43% (72 participants) had no previous education on CLABSI prevention guidelines, while 90% (154) had previously reported on the inadequacy of supplies in the hospital, including antibiotic-impregnated CVCs. 70% of the study participants showed sufficient compliance with the CLABSI prevention guidelines. Therefore, the mean compliance scores were 14.24.7 (min=8, max=20).
Secondly, the CLASBI rate is variable across the participating ICUs in Jordan. The researchers also conducted a logistic regression analysis of the independent variables to help investigate sufficient compliance predictors. Only the nurse-patient ratio was the efficient predictor of compliance (1:1). The researchers concluded the need for additional improvement in compliance with the prevention guidelines while lowering the nurse-patient ratio to enhance patient outcomes.
What are the limitations of the study? Study observations were made only during the day shift, and this affects the reliability of the results
No observations were made during the CVCs insertion period.
What are the implications for practice/this project? There is a need to conduct multidisciplinary observational research in the future to provide a better comprehensive view of the compliance effect on CLABSI prevention among various healthcare workers. Secondly, replicating the study and using a larger sample while including nurses from different countries would enhance the generalizability of the findings. Lastly, additional investigation on factors to help reduce the CLABSI rate would be efficient for improved patient outcomes.

Source 7
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Badparva, B., Ghanbari, A., Karkhah, S., Osuji, J., Kazemnejad Leyli, E., & Jafaraghaee, F. (2022). Prevention of central lineassociated bloodstream infections: ICU nurses’ knowledge and barriers.Nursing in Critical Care. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12757
Level of Evidence Level IV Cohort study
What is the study design & what are the variables? A cross-sectional study
Independent variable Regular nursing training program on CLABSIs.
Dependent variable – Prevention of CLABSIs.
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) Census sampling
The original study population was 220 ICU nurses, and 209 participated in the study. This depicts a 95% response rate. The ICU nurses work in adult, pediatric, and neonatal settings in seven hospitals in Iran.
What is the purpose? The researchers were focused on assessing the intensive care unit knowledge levels among the ICU nurses. This will define their capacity to prevent CLABSI while determining possible implementation barriers of EBP guidelines.
What is the research question? Do regular nursing training programs improve the knowledge of ICU nurses in the care and prevention of CLABSI within the intensive care unit?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? Questionnaire

Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The study indicates a response rate of 95% of the participants who work in the ICU as nurses. The median score regarding the knowledge of CLABSI prevention among ICU nurses was 3.00 out of 11.50. Additionally, 72% of the ICU nurses have inadequate knowledge of various CLABSI prevention strategies. The study revealed three common implementation barriers to using EBP guidelines in CLABSI prevention. These include high workload, shortage of efficient equipment, and lacking CLABSI workshops to train on prevention methods.
The study further indicates that CLABSI has been among the most significant challenges in healthcare, leading to increased healthcare costs. It has also led to adverse outcomes among patients, including mortality. In conclusion, there was limited CLABSI prevention knowledge among the ICU nursing staff. However, the prevention can be attained by reducing workload, increasing the number of ICU nurses, efficient supply of equipment necessary for safe practice in ICU, and provision of regular educative workshops for ICU nurses.
What are the limitations of the study? The study took place in one country (Jordan), which affects the findings’ generalizability. There is a need for a larger sample size.
What are the implications for practice/this project? Regular training programs should enhance ICU nurses’ knowledge of CLABSI care and prevention prospects. Nursing leadership should identify and address barriers to EBP guidelines implementation.

Source 8
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Dyk, D., Matusiak, A., Cudak, E., Gutysz-Wojnicka, A., & Mdrzycka-Dbrowska, W. (2021). Assessment of Knowledge on the Prevention of among Intensive Care Nurses in PolandA Prospective Multicentre Study.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,18(23), 12672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312672
Level of Evidence Level I- Systematic Review of Quantitative studies
What is the study design & what are the variables? Quantitative Prospective multi-center descriptive study
Independent variable ICU nursing knowledge
Dependent Variable CLABSI prevention
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) Random sampling
Out of the original 750 questionnaires distributed, a sample size attained for the study was 468 subjects, those that were returned. Women accounted for more significant participation at 95.73%, whereby above 80% of this population had a university-level education. The majority of the nurses surveyed had previous training in CVC guidelines (85.9%). Therefore, the ICU nurses were rated 82% on their knowledge of CLABSI prevention guidelines.
What is the purpose? To assess the knowledge level among ICU nurses on CLABSI prevention.
What is the research question? Will the Assessment of nursing Knowledge on the Prevention of Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections among Intensive Care Nurses aid in the prevention of CLABSI?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? A modified Polish version of the questionnaire
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) Various guidelines introduced in the hospitals entailed efficient sources of information. 68% of the respondents knew the international guidelines on CLABSI prevention. However, there is still insufficient knowledge of CLABSI among nurses. Therefore, there is an increased need for standardizing CLABSIs prevention guidelines within the ICU.

What are the limitations of the study? Using the self-description method in assessing ICU nurses’ knowledge and behavior instead of observation.
Not using a direct observation checklist to reduce bias.
It is impossible to determine the results’ temporality as a cross-sectional study.
What are the implications for practice/this project? There is an increased need for standardizing CLABSIs prevention guidelines within the ICU
There is a need for continuous training of ICU nursing personnel in hospital-acquired infections, especially CLABSIs.

Source 9
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Zamir, N., Pook, M., McDonald, E., & Fox-Robichaud, A. E. (2020). Chlorhexidine locking device for central line infection prevention in ICU patients: protocol for an open-label pilot and feasibility randomized controlled trial.Pilot and feasibility studies,6(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-0564-9
Level of Evidence Level II Randomized controlled trial
What is the study design & what are the variables? A single-center, open-label, two-arm, parallel-group feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT)
Independent variables Chlorhexidine locking device (CHG)
Dependent variables- CLABSI prevention feasibility
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) Random sampling
This is a randomized study where the participants were included in the survey through random number generation and sealed envelopes. The sample size chosen included 100 participants who were eligible based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three ICUs included in the study were at the Hamilton Health Sciences General Site, a large academic hospital, and a major cardiac surgical center in Hamilton in Ontario, Canada.
What is the purpose? The researchers aimed at testing the feasibility of using a CHG devise among ICU patients. This entails analyzing how CHG can be diffused into the IV lock solution of the CVCs while alleviating the bacterial growth on the catheter lumen. The main aim is to define how CLABSI can be prevented among ICU patients.
What is the research question? In patients admitted to the ICU with a CVC in situ, does the CHG locking solution administered by the ChloraLockTMdevice reduce the risk of intravenous line colonization and improve patient and hospital outcomes by preventing cases of CLABSI?
What method(s) of data collection were used? The researchers utilized the documentation and records method in collecting the study information. They collected the participants’ (who were patients) demographic data from the EHRs via the Hamilton Health Sciences’ electronic patient databases.
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The study was a pilot trial study to help determine the possible strategies for alleviating CLABSI rates. This included an analysis of the CHG locking device utilization by ICU nurses in preventing central line infection. The study findings were useful in determining the feasibility of utilizing the CHG locking devices’ efficacy.

What are the limitations of the study? Small sample size, thus affecting the reliability and generalization of the findings.
What are the implications for practice/this project? Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) effectively reduces various hospital-acquired infections, including CLABSIs.

Source 10
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Scheier, T., Kuster, S. P., Dunic, M., Falk, C., Sax, H., & Schreiber, P. W. (2021). Does continuity in nursing staff matter? A pilot study on the correlation of central line-associated bloodstream infections and employee turnover.Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control,10(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-021-00958-z
Level of Evidence Level IV Cohort Study
What is the study design & what are the variables? A pilot prospective correlational study
Independent variables- Presence of a central venous catheter, length of hospitalization, and microbial results of blood cultures
Dependent variable CLABSI rate incidences
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) The sample included 167 CLABSI observed in University Hospital Zurich, consisting of a 940-bed tertiary care center and over 40 000 admissions annually.
What is the purpose? The study focused on analyzing the impacts of the CLABSI incidence on employee turnover
What is the research question? Does continuity in nursing staff matter?
This question is asked within the topic sentence to determine the correlation between CLABSI and employee turnover
What method(s) of data collection were used? Observation using a semiautomatic surveillance system
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) This pilot study focused on analyzing the correlation between CLABSI incidences and employee turnover rates. The surveillance was conducted for 24 months, and the researchers detected the hospital’s level of correlation aspects. There was a positive correlation between CLABSI incidence rates and nursing personnel’s turnover. The researchers utilized Spearman rank correlation and the r=0.467 while the P=0.022. For a more detailed professional nursing personnel training analysis, the r=0.26 andP=0.038. for registered nurses in practice, the r=0.471 while the P=0.021. However, the CLABSI incidence rates did not correlate with the physicians’ turnover, which was ranked r=0.058 andP=0.787.
The researchers concluded that there were positive correlations between various degrees of nursing practices, except for the physicians, and the CLABSI incidences determined prospectively. This indicates the necessity for management to implement efforts to maintain continuity among nurses would help sustain CLABSI reduction rates.
What are the limitations of the study? Inability to address various confounding variables
Limited duration of surveilling the hospital to 2 years only which hampered the statistical analyses
The study did not inform the nurse: patient ratio
What are the implications for practice/this project? Future studies to in investigating how ICU nurses’ turnover influences CLABSI rates.
An increased number of skilled ICU nursing personnel will reduce CLABSI incidences.

Nursing Journals used
Alotibi, A. M. (2021). The Impact of Quality Improvements Initiatives on Reducing the Prevalence of Central Line-Associated Infection: An Integrative Review.Saudi Journal of Nursing Health Care,4(8), 229-235. http://www.hsj.gr/
Aloush, S. M., & Alsaraireh, F. A. (2018). Nurses’ compliance with central line-associated bloodstream infection prevention guidelines.Saudi nursing journal,39(3), 273279. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2018.3.21497
Badparva, B., Ghanbari, A., Karkhah, S., Osuji, J., Kazemnejad Leyli, E., & Jafaraghaee, F. (2022). Prevention of central lineassociated bloodstream infections: ICU nurses’ knowledge and barriers.Nursing in Critical Care. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12757
Cooper, M. (2019).Improving Nurses’ Knowledge of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection(Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7469&context=dissertations
Dyk, D., Matusiak, A., Cudak, E., Gutysz-Wojnicka, A., & Mdrzycka-Dbrowska, W. (2021). Assessment of Knowledge on the Prevention of Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections among Intensive Care Nurses in PolandA Prospective Multicentre Study.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,18(23), 12672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312672
Foka, M., Nicolaou, E., Kyprianou, T., Palazis, L., Kyranou, M., Papathanassoglou, E., & Lambrinou, E. (2021). Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Through Educational Interventions in Adult Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review.Cureus,13(8). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1729
Yazici, G., & Bulut, H. (2018). Efficacy of a care bundle to prevent multiple infections in the intensive care unit: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design study.Applied Nursing Research,39, 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.10.009
Medical Science Journals
Chi, X., Guo, J., Niu, X., He, R., Wu, L., & Xu, H. (2020). Prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections: a survey of ICU nurses’ knowledge and practice in China.Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control,9(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00833-3
Scheier, T., Kuster, S. P., Dunic, M., Falk, C., Sax, H., & Schreiber, P. W. (2021). Does continuity in nursing staff matter? A pilot study on the correlation of central line-associated bloodstream infections and employee turnover.Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control,10(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-021-00958-z
Zamir, N., Pook, M., McDonald, E., & Fox-Robichaud, A. E. (2020). Chlorhexidine locking device for central line infection prevention in ICU patients: protocol for an open-label pilot and feasibility randomized controlled trial.Pilot and feasibility studies,6(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-0564-9

Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs)
What roles can the nurses play in ensuring the prevention of CLABSI infection within the intensive care unit?
Source 1
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Chi, X., Guo, J., Niu, X., He, R., Wu, L., & Xu, H. (2020). Prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections: a survey of ICU nurses’ knowledge and practice in China.Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control,9(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00833-3
Level of Evidence Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies (Level I)
What is the study design & what are the variables? A quantitative study using a Cross-sectional descriptive survey
Independent variable- ICU Nurses’ knowledge and practice
Dependent variable Prevention of CLABSI
What is the sampling method? (Include a description of the sample) Stratified Sampling technique
The study population included 2607 participants, while the study sample was 835 respondents who managed to complete the questionnaires. The response rate was 32.03%. Strata included nurses from six hospitals containing comprehensive ICUs, graduate students from Guangdong Medical University, and a WeChat group of graduate students from the Nursing College of Guangdong Medical University. The research used various demographic factors to determine the subject’s characteristics. These include age, whose mean was 26.54 years (18-65 years). Both males 40. 36% (337) and female 59.64% (498) respondents were included. Other factors used to include the respondents include their length of experience working in ICU as nurses, highest education levels, nursing level, and experiences with CLABSI. The study took place in Guangdong Province, China, among 104 hospitals.
What is the purpose? The study evaluates Chinese ICU nurses’ knowledge and evidence-based practice guidelines for preventing CLABSI as depicted by the CDC in the US and the UK’s Department of Health.
What is the research question? Does improving nurses knowledge and practice prevent the spread of CLABSI in the ICU?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? Online Questionnaires

Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The researchers received 835 complete questionnaires from ICU nurses from 104 hospitals. 777 of the responses were from Guangdong Province. Further, the 11 questions used have a mean score of 4.02 with information relating to evidence-based guidelines in CLABSI prevention. Individual total participation scores were efficiently associated with education levels, sex, length of time or experience as an ICU nurse, professional title, hospital grade, and CLABSI incidences at the respondent’s ICU.43% of the ICU nurses reported always utilizing maximum barrier precautions. 14% reported having never used chlorhexidine gluconate on insertion sites as antisepsis. Also, 40% of the nurses reported removing catheters promptly when not in use, and 33% indicated having changed catheters frequently even though there were no CLABSI suspicions. The researchers concluded that ICU nurses in Guangdong Province, China had no knowledge and practice using evidence-based CLABSI prevention guidelines
What are the limitations of the study? Results attained from respondents in Guangdong Province hospitals do not reflect other ICU nurses’ knowledge and practice in various parts of China.
There is a possibility of bias following the 32.03% response rate from all questionnaires distributed (835 out of 2607).
What are the implications for practice/this project? ICU nurses with higher experience levels have higher scores on how to prevent CLABSI. Healthcare administrators should adopt strategies and policies to foster the prevention of CLABSIs through increased training for ICU nurses.
Source 2
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Yazici, G., & Bulut, H. (2018). Efficacy of a care bundle to prevent multiple infections in the intensive care unit: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design study.Applied Nursing Research,39, 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.10.009
Level of Evidence Level III- quasi-experimental study
What is the study design & what are the variables? Pretest – posttest design study(Quantitative approach)
Independent variable care bundle
Dependent variable ICU Multiple infections prevention
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) Systematic sampling
The sample size included 120 patients. They were chosen based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They must have been above 18 years of age, received invasive mechanical ventilation therapy, or had a central venous catheter or urinary catheter.
What is the purpose? The study evaluated the care bundle efficacy to prevent the three most common ICU-acquired infections. This is so as healthcare-associated infections like CLABSI often extend hospitalization time, increase morbidity-mortality rates, and increase treatment costs.
What is the research question? Does the efficacy of a care bundle prevent the spread of CLABSI in the intensive care unit?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? Tests Pre tests and Post tests
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) Various hospital-acquired infections were tested, including pneumonia, catheter-associated UTIs, and CLABSIs. Ventilator-associated pneumonia infection rates were conducted in three different periods per 1000 catheters. Each depicted a rate of 23.4 (Jan-March), 12.6 (April-June), and 11.5 (July-Sep). A significant decrease was observed between Jan-March and April-June (2=6.934,p=0.031).
CLABSI rates were 8.9, 4.2, and 9.9 for the specific periods identified above for every 1000 catheters. There was no significant difference (p>0.05).
The catheter-associated UTI rates were higher during JulySeptember (6.7/1000 catheter days) compared to JanuaryMarch (5.7/1000 catheter-days) and AprilJune (10.4/1000 catheter-days), but the differences were not significant (p>0.05).
The researchers concluded that increased compatibility of care bundles led to decreased infection rates based on EBP guidelines.
What are the limitations of the study? The results cannot be generalized to other populations since there was a small sample size used>
What are the implications for practice/this project? Besides, developing an evidence-based CLABSI prevention guideline will enhance better health outcomes.
Source 3
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Cooper, M. (2019).Improving Nurses’ Knowledge of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection(Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7469&context=dissertations
Level of Evidence Level I and VI – Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies and Experts’ opinions on CLABSI
What is the study design & what are the variables? A quantitative descriptive study using the pretest-posttest control group
Design and Literature’s systematic review
Independent Variables Nurses’ education on CLASBI prevention aspects
Dependent Variables Patients’ health outcomes
What is the sampling method? (Include a description of the sample) Stratified sampling technique
The researcher specified the number of participants, including 32 RNs from the neurology unity and 40 RNs of the Resource Team (float pool). All the 32 RNs in the neurology unit were invited to participate in the study to acquire knowledge on central lines’ care and maintenance. This totals to 72 study participants, whereby only 23 participated. The neurology unit had 15 participants (65%), and the Resource team had 8 participants (35%).
What is the purpose? The project aimed to address the education gap regarding CLABSI among nurses. Such explains that it is the nurses’ role to acquire more education on ICU care concerning CLABSI as such increases their demonstration-based competencies during practice. This increases patient outcomes and reduction of CLABSI rates.
What is the research question? Does Improving Nurses’ Knowledge of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection prevention aspects improve the spread of CLABSI in the intensive care unit?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? The researcher conducted doctoral research, which used primary and secondary data collection. These include published research articles, administration of a pre-and post-test, and use of a central line dressing change skills rubric. Published research was primarily conducted from recent peer-reviewed journals from various Walden library websites such as Medline, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, CINAHL, and Medline.
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The pretest-posttest and systematic review of published articles indicated nurses’ efficacy in ensuring they acquire more knowledge on CLABSI reduction rates in healthcare contexts. The tests conducted were statistically significant in evaluating the nursing knowledge with a P value of .0001 and a 2-tailed t-test significant at a .05 level. The pretest score was 72.1% (4.6), while the posttest was 94.1% (8.4). Most RNs included in the study had an associate degree (87%), while the rest had a bachelor’s degree (13%).
17% of the RNs have less than 1 year of experience, 17% have 1 to 5 years of experience, 17% have 5 to 10 years of experience, and 48% have more than 10 years of experience. 65% of the neurology unity RNs and 35% of the Resource team offered information on hours spent assessing and monitoring IV sites, administering IV medications, and lab data interpretation. The posttest scores were higher than the pretest scores by 22%. This shows the project questions were answered effectively, the outcome supports the need for nurse education, and demonstration-based competency improves CLABSI nursing knowledge.
What are the limitations of the study? The small sample size used was small.
Lack of diversity among the study participants.
What are the implications for practice/this project? Nursing education on CLABSI prevention has the potential to improve patients’ outcomes and save more lives. Improved nursing awareness will prevent most CLABSI mortality and morbidity rates through the provision of proper care and maintenance. CLABSI is the most expensive hospital-acquired infection, and it is the nurses’ role to prevent it through additional education prospects.
The research facilitates the improved acquisition of positive social change by improving patients’ nursing knowledge and care.
Source 4
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Alotibi, A. M. (2021). The Impact of Quality Improvements Initiatives on Reducing the Prevalence of Central Line-Associated Infection: An Integrative Review.Saudi Journal of Nursing Health Care,4(8), 229-235. http://www.hsj.gr/
Level of Evidence Level V- Systematic review of Qualitative Studies
What is the study design & what are the variables? Systematic analysis using Whittemore and Knauf’s integrative approach
Independent variable Quality improvement initiatives
Dependent variable – Central Line-Associated Infection prevalence
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) The integrative approach for having studies using different research designs uses its structure with five stages (problem recognition, literature search, data assessment, data interpretation, and presentation).
The study originally had 37 articles for review, but only 9 fit the study inclusion criterion where seven articles were quality improvement while two were mixed-method.
What is the purpose? The researcher was focused on assessing quality improvement initiatives’ effects on the reduction of CLABSI rates, especially in ICU. This entails the reduction of bloodstream infections associated with the use of central venous catheters (CVCs)
What is the research question? Do hospital quality Improvements Initiatives on Reducing the Prevalence of Central Line-Associated infections decrease the spread of CLABSI in the ICU?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? Integrative review using Whittemore and Knafl’s method in systematic and organization of study searches. A search strategy was employed to identify various articles using the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The study’s findings were classified into two themes: central line bundle care and CLABSI insertion and maintenance education. Among the main CLABSI prevention methods include the Catheter group useful in establishing standardized CVC insertions, withdrawals, and maintenances. Healthcare professionals have access to essential guidelines on the cautious application of the CVCs while depicting the main complications of catheterization procedures. Additional caution in preventing CLABSI is effective handwashing practice as this minimizes infections in general, thus eliminating infection prevalence. Besides, nurses receiving CLABSI prevention training will enhance their accountability, respect, communication, and empowerment to improve health outcomes.
What are the limitations of the study? A small sample size where the researcher utilized only nine peer-reviewed articles. The outcome cannot be generalized to the various population since there are limited studies for review and comparison.
What are the implications for practice/this project? Persistent teamwork in ICU care will persuade practitioners to use scientific evidence in alleviating CLABSI while providing consistent feedback on patients’ wellbeing. Secondly, involving all stakeholders will lead to collaborative working and buy-ins. Lastly, nurse education and training on CLABSI prevention will enhance how they utilize sterile techniques and safety measures.

Source 5
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Foka, M., Nicolaou, E., Kyprianou, T., Palazis, L., Kyranou, M., Papathanassoglou, E., & Lambrinou, E. (2021). Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Through Educational Interventions in Adult Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review.Cureus,13(8). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1729
Level of Evidence Level I Systematic review of Quantitative Studies
What is the study design & what are the variables? Quantitative descriptive design
Independent variable Educational Intervention
Dependent variable Prevention of CLABSI in Adult patients within the ICU
What is the sampling method? (Include a description of the sample) A systematic literature search using the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Original articles chosen for the discussion were 339 from different databases, including Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. However, some studies were duplicates, some not in the English language, and others were irrelevant. The study sample used was 27 studies that met the inclusion criteria.
What is the purpose? The study was focused on investigating the effectiveness of various educational methods on CLABSI rates prevention among adults within the ICUs.
What is the research question? Will educating nurses help prevent the spread of CLABSI in Adult patients within the ICU?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? A systematic review of various study articles
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) All the studies used for this discussion were educational interventions for central lines insertion and maintenance among adults within the ICU settings. They contained CLABSI incidences and prevention documentation with expressions per 1000 catheter days. The studies were conducted in different countries, including the US, Brazil, Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Canada. All the studies included adult ICU settings, including surgical, trauma, medical, and general ICUs. They also had different study populations involving healthcare practitioners and patients. the researchers concluded that educational interventions are critical in helping nurses attain more knowledge and skills in facilitating CLABSI prevention among adults in ICUs.
What are the limitations of the study? English language-only studies were included in this review by researchers. Such led to limited information sources from other languages.
Secondly, the studies were heterogeneous, making it difficult to determine the most effective educational intervention for CLABSI rates.
Thirdly, the studies only related to ICU settings, thus making it hard to generalize the findings to other care contexts.
What are the implications for practice/this project? There is an increased need for regular follow-ups on patients and the implementation of multifaceted cooperative approaches to help maintain reduced CLABSI rates post-interventions.

Source 6
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Aloush, S. M., & Alsaraireh, F. A. (2018). Nurses’ compliance with central line-associated bloodstream infection prevention guidelines.Saudi nursing journal,39(3), 273279. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2018.3.21497
Level of Evidence Level I- Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies
What is the study design & what are the variables? Descriptive cross-sectional design
Independent variable- Years of experience, previous education with CLABSI, nurse-patient ratio, and ICU bed capacity
Dependent variable CLABSI prevention
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) The sampling method used consists of the G*Power software in calculating the sample size.
The previously estimated sample size was 129. The study population included 200 nurses who were approached, but 171 agreed to participate. This depicts a response rate of 88% based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those who could not participate were of different genders, age groups, and their academic qualifications did not match the inclusion criteria. The study took place in various ICUs specialized as adult medical-surgical units in 15 hospitals within five different cities in Jordan, including Amman, Zarqa, Mafraq, Karak, and Irbid. The participating hospitals included 10 governments. Four being private, and 1 being an educational hospital. The data was collected over five months (March-July, 2017).
What is the purpose? The researchers were focused on assessing the nurses’ compliance with the CLABSI prevention guidelines relating to central line maintenance and compliance predictors. These are evidence-based guidelines provided by professional organizations, including the CDC and the American Society of Anesthesiologists, to prevent CLABSI. Amongst the main topics of these guidelines include hand hygiene, dressing, antiseptic solution usage, and type of catheters.
What is the research question? Will nurses years of experience, previous education with CLABSI, nurse-patient ratio, and ICU bed capacity prevent the spread of CLABSI within the intensive care unit?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? The researchers used
Observational non-active approach
A systematic review of various databases to support the CLABSI prevention guidelines.
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The participants were on averagely aged 32.5 years, whereas men were aged 32.7 and females were aged 1.5 years. 43% (72 participants) had no previous education on CLABSI prevention guidelines, while 90% (154) had previously reported on the inadequacy of supplies in the hospital, including antibiotic-impregnated CVCs. 70% of the study participants showed sufficient compliance with the CLABSI prevention guidelines. Therefore, the mean compliance scores were 14.24.7 (min=8, max=20).
Secondly, the CLASBI rate is variable across the participating ICUs in Jordan. The researchers also conducted a logistic regression analysis of the independent variables to help investigate sufficient compliance predictors. Only the nurse-patient ratio was the efficient predictor of compliance (1:1). The researchers concluded the need for additional improvement in compliance with the prevention guidelines while lowering the nurse-patient ratio to enhance patient outcomes.
What are the limitations of the study? Study observations were made only during the day shift, and this affects the reliability of the results
No observations were made during the CVCs insertion period.
What are the implications for practice/this project? There is a need to conduct multidisciplinary observational research in the future to provide a better comprehensive view of the compliance effect on CLABSI prevention among various healthcare workers. Secondly, replicating the study and using a larger sample while including nurses from different countries would enhance the generalizability of the findings. Lastly, additional investigation on factors to help reduce the CLABSI rate would be efficient for improved patient outcomes.

Source 7
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Badparva, B., Ghanbari, A., Karkhah, S., Osuji, J., Kazemnejad Leyli, E., & Jafaraghaee, F. (2022). Prevention of central lineassociated bloodstream infections: ICU nurses’ knowledge and barriers.Nursing in Critical Care. https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12757
Level of Evidence Level IV Cohort study
What is the study design & what are the variables? A cross-sectional study
Independent variable Regular nursing training program on CLABSIs.
Dependent variable – Prevention of CLABSIs.
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) Census sampling
The original study population was 220 ICU nurses, and 209 participated in the study. This depicts a 95% response rate. The ICU nurses work in adult, pediatric, and neonatal settings in seven hospitals in Iran.
What is the purpose? The researchers were focused on assessing the intensive care unit knowledge levels among the ICU nurses. This will define their capacity to prevent CLABSI while determining possible implementation barriers of EBP guidelines.
What is the research question? Do regular nursing training programs improve the knowledge of ICU nurses in the care and prevention of CLABSI within the intensive care unit?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? Questionnaire

Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The study indicates a response rate of 95% of the participants who work in the ICU as nurses. The median score regarding the knowledge of CLABSI prevention among ICU nurses was 3.00 out of 11.50. Additionally, 72% of the ICU nurses have inadequate knowledge of various CLABSI prevention strategies. The study revealed three common implementation barriers to using EBP guidelines in CLABSI prevention. These include high workload, shortage of efficient equipment, and lacking CLABSI workshops to train on prevention methods.
The study further indicates that CLABSI has been among the most significant challenges in healthcare, leading to increased healthcare costs. It has also led to adverse outcomes among patients, including mortality. In conclusion, there was limited CLABSI prevention knowledge among the ICU nursing staff. However, the prevention can be attained by reducing workload, increasing the number of ICU nurses, efficient supply of equipment necessary for safe practice in ICU, and provision of regular educative workshops for ICU nurses.
What are the limitations of the study? The study took place in one country (Jordan), which affects the findings’ generalizability. There is a need for a larger sample size.
What are the implications for practice/this project? Regular training programs should enhance ICU nurses’ knowledge of CLABSI care and prevention prospects. Nursing leadership should identify and address barriers to EBP guidelines implementation.

Source 8
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Dyk, D., Matusiak, A., Cudak, E., Gutysz-Wojnicka, A., & Mdrzycka-Dbrowska, W. (2021). Assessment of Knowledge on the Prevention of Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections among Intensive Care Nurses in PolandA Prospective Multicentre Study.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,18(23), 12672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312672
Level of Evidence Level I- Systematic Review of Quantitative studies
What is the study design & what are the variables? Quantitative Prospective multi-center descriptive study
Independent variable ICU nursing knowledge
Dependent Variable CLABSI prevention
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) Random sampling
Out of the original 750 questionnaires distributed, a sample size attained for the study was 468 subjects, those that were returned. Women accounted for more significant participation at 95.73%, whereby above 80% of this population had a university-level education. The majority of the nurses surveyed had previous training in CVC guidelines (85.9%). Therefore, the ICU nurses were rated 82% on their knowledge of CLABSI prevention guidelines.
What is the purpose? To assess the knowledge level among ICU nurses on CLABSI prevention.
What is the research question? Will the Assessment of nursing Knowledge on the Prevention of Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections among Intensive Care Nurses aid in the prevention of CLABSI?
What was the method(s) of data collection used? A modified Polish version of the questionnaire
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) Various guidelines introduced in the hospitals entailed efficient sources of information. 68% of the respondents knew the international guidelines on CLABSI prevention. However, there is still insufficient knowledge of CLABSI among nurses. Therefore, there is an increased need for standardizing CLABSIs prevention guidelines within the ICU.

What are the limitations of the study? Using the self-description method in assessing ICU nurses’ knowledge and behavior instead of observation.
Not using a direct observation checklist to reduce bias.
It is impossible to determine the results’ temporality as a cross-sectional study.
What are the implications for practice/this project? There is an increased need for standardizing CLABSIs prevention guidelines within the ICU
There is a need for continuous training of ICU nursing personnel in hospital-acquired infections, especially CLABSIs.

Source 9
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Zamir, N., Pook, M., McDonald, E., & Fox-Robichaud, A. E. (2020). Chlorhexidine locking device for central line infection prevention in ICU patients: protocol for an open-label pilot and feasibility randomized controlled trial.Pilot and feasibility studies,6(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-0564-9
Level of Evidence Level II Randomized controlled trial
What is the study design & what are the variables? A single-center, open-label, two-arm, parallel-group feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT)
Independent variables Chlorhexidine locking device (CHG)
Dependent variables- CLABSI prevention feasibility
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) Random sampling
This is a randomized study where the participants were included in the survey through random number generation and sealed envelopes. The sample size chosen included 100 participants who were eligible based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three ICUs included in the study were at the Hamilton Health Sciences General Site, a large academic hospital, and a major cardiac surgical center in Hamilton in Ontario, Canada.
What is the purpose? The researchers aimed at testing the feasibility of using a CHG devise among ICU patients. This entails analyzing how CHG can be diffused into the IV lock solution of the CVCs while alleviating the bacterial growth on the catheter lumen. The main aim is to define how CLABSI can be prevented among ICU patients.
What is the research question? In patients admitted to the ICU with a CVC in situ, does the CHG locking solution administered by the ChloraLockTMdevice reduce the risk of intravenous line colonization and improve patient and hospital outcomes by preventing cases of CLABSI?
What method(s) of data collection were used? The researchers utilized the documentation and records method in collecting the study information. They collected the participants’ (who were patients) demographic data from the EHRs via the Hamilton Health Sciences’ electronic patient databases.
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) The study was a pilot trial study to help determine the possible strategies for alleviating CLABSI rates. This included an analysis of the CHG locking device utilization by ICU nurses in preventing central line infection. The study findings were useful in determining the feasibility of utilizing the CHG locking devices’ efficacy.

What are the limitations of the study? Small sample size, thus affecting the reliability and generalization of the findings.
What are the implications for practice/this project? Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) effectively reduces various hospital-acquired infections, including CLABSIs.

Source 10
Author, title, publication date (in APA format) Scheier, T., Kuster, S. P., Dunic, M., Falk, C., Sax, H., & Schreiber, P. W. (2021). Does continuity in nursing staff matter? A pilot study on the correlation of central line-associated bloodstream infections and employee turnover.Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control,10(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-021-00958-z
Level of Evidence Level IV Cohort Study
What is the study design & what are the variables? A pilot prospective correlational study
Independent variables- Presence of a central venous catheter, length of hospitalization, and microbial results of blood cultures
Dependent variable CLABSI rate incidences
What is the sampling method? (include a description of the sample) The sample included 167 CLABSI observed in University Hospital Zurich, consisting of a 940-bed tertiary care center and over 40 000 admissions annually.
What is the purpose? The study focused on analyzing the impacts of the CLABSI incidence on employee turnover
What is the research question? Does continuity in nursing staff matter?
This question is asked within the topic sentence to determine the correlation between CLABSI and employee turnover
What method(s) of data collection were used? Observation using a semiautomatic surveillance system
Provide a summary of the significant findings/conclusions for quantitative research (findings/themes if qualitative research) This pilot study focused on analyzing the correlation between CLABSI incidences and employee turnover rates. The surveillance was conducted for 24 months, and the researchers detected the hospital’s level of correlation aspects. There was a positive correlation between CLABSI incidence rates and nursing personnel’s turnover. The researchers utilized Spearman rank correlation and the r=0.467 while the P=0.022. For a more detailed professional nursing personnel training analysis, the r=0.26 andP=0.038. for registered nurses in practice, the r=0.471 while the P=0.021. However, the CLABSI incidence rates did not correlate with the physicians’ turnover, which was ranked r=0.058 andP=0.787.
The researchers concluded that there were positive correlations between various degrees of nursing practices, except for the physicians, and the CLABSI incidences determined prospectively. This indicates the necessity for management to implement efforts to maintain continuity among nurses would help sustain CLABSI reduction rates.
What are the limitations of the study? Inability to address various confounding variables
Limited duration of surveilling the hospital to 2 years only which hampered the statistical analyses
The study did not inform the nurse: patient ratio
What are the implications for practice/this project? Future studies to utilize multi-centric design in investigating how ICU nurses’ turnover influences CLABSI rates.
An increased number of skilled ICU nursing personnel will reduce CLABSI incidences.